World adrift in a sea of uncertainty
April-23-2012-The annual spring meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have provided a window onto two fundamental trends driving global politics and the world economy. Geopolitics is moving decisively away from a world dominated by Europe and the United States to one with many regional powers but no global leader.
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And a new era of economic instability is at hand, owing as much to physical limits to growth as to financial turmoil.
April-23-2012-Europe’s economic crisis dominated this year’s IMF/World Bank meetings. The Fund is seeking to create an emergency rescue mechanism in case the weak European economies need another financial bailout, and has turned to major emerging economies - Brazil, China, India, the Gulf oil exporters, and others -
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Emerging economies’ demand for more power is a well-known story.
April-23-2012-In 2010, when the IMF last increased its financial resources, the emerging economies agreed to the deal only if their voting share within the IMF was increased by around 6%, with Europe losing around 4%. Now emerging markets are demanding an even greater share of power.
According to the IMF’s own data, the European Union’s current members accounted for 31% of the world economy
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Europe’s slow growth in terms of both population and output per person.
April-23-2012--On the other side of the ledger, the global GDP share of the Asian developing countries, including China and India, has soared, from around 8% in 1980 to 25% in 2011, and is expected to reach 31% by 2017.
The US, characteristically these days, insists that it will not join any new IMF bailout fund. The US Congress has increasingly embraced isolationist economic policies,
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The US share of global GDP
April-23-2012--The US share of global GDP, around 25% in 1980, declined to 19% in 2011, and is expected to slip to 18% in 2017, by which point the IMF expects that China will have overtaken the US economy in absolute size
But the shift of global power is more complicated than the decline of the North Atlantic (EU and US) and the rise of the emerging economies, especially the Brics (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa).
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We are shifting from a unipolar world,
April-23-2012--led mainly by the US, to a truly multipolar world, in which the US, the EU, the Brics, and smaller powers (such as Nigeria and Turkey) carry regional weight but are reticent to assume global leadership, especially its financial burdens. The issue is not just that there are five or six major powers now; it is also that all of them want a free ride at the others’ expense.
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The US has shifted rapidly from global leadership to that kind of free riding,
April-23-2012-Seeming to bypass the stage of global co-operation.Thus,the US currently excuses itself from global cooperation on climate change, IMF financial-bailout packages, global development-assistance targets, and other aspects of international collaboration in the provision of global public goods. The weaknesses of global policy co-opera in view of the gravity of the challenges that must be met.
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Global economic growth is also causing a burgeoning environmental crisis.
April-23-2012--Growing world demand for primary commodities,especially in China, is pushing hard against the physical supplies of global resources. Yes, more oil or copper can be produced, only at much higher marginal production costs. But the problem goes beyond supply constraints.
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Food prices are high today partly because food-growing regions around the world
April-23-2012--Are experiencing the adverse effects of human-induced climate change (such as more droughts and extreme storms), and of water scarcity caused by excessive use of freshwater from rivers and aquifers. In short, the global economy is experiencing a sustainability crisis, in which resource constraints and environmental pressures are causing large price shocks and ecological instability.
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Economic development rapidly needs to become sustainable development,
April-23-2012-By adopting technologies & lifestyles that reduce the dangerous pressures on the Earth’s ecosystems. This will require a level of global co-operation that remains nowhere to be seen. The IMF/World Bank remind us of an overarching truth: our highly interconnected and crowded world has become a highly complicated vessel. If we are to move forward, we must start pulling in the same direction,
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